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As the plasmids contain a LEU2 marker, NHEJ frequency was calculated as the percentage of leu+ colonies arising from cells transformed with linear plasmid over those transformed with undigested DNA.
Although the numbers of BFU-E colonies arising from inhibitor-treated Mtf2 KD HSPCs was still lower than that observed from control cells, the rescue of erythroid differentiation to the BFU-E stage was robust and observed using multiple inhibitors and shRNA clone combinations.
B cell colonies, arising from single founder lymphocytes, were identified by in situ hybridization with VH family- and C mu-specific cDNA probes.
Therefore, the data presented show total Lac+ colonies arising over time.
At each doxorubicin dose we detected both larger and more numerous colonies arising from ALDHhigh compared with ALDHlow cells (Figure 12A).
Spontaneous recombination frequencies were measured by measuring numbers of ade+ colonies arising from a strain containing two ade6 heteroalleles flanking a his+ gene [37].
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We infer that larger size colonies are formed from clumps containing more viable cells, while the smaller colonies arose through death of some but not all of the cells in the clumps, a phenomenon that did not occur as readily during LN2 cryopreservation.
Others [51] as well as ourselves (Nackerdien, unpublished) have noted that plating a dilution series of bacteria from soil samples often yields nonlinear colony counts; more colonies arise at higher dilutions than predicted by the amount of dilution.
A key remaining question with regard to both urban adapted species and invasive species, is how large, typically polygynous colonies arise and what benefits such colonies provide for success in novel environments [25], [60], [67].
The DENV serotype 4 (DENV4) cDNA cloned into the pBR322 low-copy number plasmid [17] has been described as "metastable", because bacterial colonies arise containing large deletions or insertions in the DENV4 sequence [9].
No further colonies arose after continued incubation.
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