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Nonetheless, preliminary characterization and epidemiological studies show that different nutritional packages can control and prevent colon dysfunction.
The authors speculated that either colon dysfunction caused the original impaction and subsequently predisposed these horses to additional colic episodes, or that some permanent damage to the colon as a result of the impaction, was responsible.
Others have also suggested that some horses are predisposed to colic due to a reduction in the density of neurons in the large colon and a thickening of caecal muscle which may increase the risk of recurrent colic from colon dysfunction [ 28, 29].
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Timely and accurate diagnosis of this disease is important because these patients have severe liver dysfunction; therefore, colon necrosis leads to poor prognosis even after curative treatment.
DSS causes direct damage to the epithelial barrier of the colon leading to cellular dysfunction, impaired epithelial repair and altered epithelial barrier [15], [16].
Ligation of IMA at its origin disrupts the descending autonomic fibers and consequently leads to a long denervated colon segment, causing defecatory dysfunction.
In addition, Gene Ontology based analysis suggests that the tumorigenesis in colon cancer results from dysfunction in protein biosynthesis and the functional categories associated with ribonucleoprotein complex.
7 In a recent study of 192 patients with metastatic colon cancer, circadian rhythm dysfunction was measured with a 24-h actigraph affixed to a patient's wrist.
Recent experiments have shown that this is associated with apoptosis of cells in distal organs (kidney, villi of colon) and end-organ dysfunction (kidney), which potentially underlies the development of MOF [ 6].
In addition, GI SMCs from patients with ulcerative colitis, an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the colon, showed an abnormal motor dysfunction in the colonic circular muscle while the muscularis propria contained increased pro-inflammatory cytokine signals [59].
Therefore, our results provide molecular insight pertaining to the aged colon and its predisposition to dysfunction and disease.
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