The MCNPX code uses the collision stopping power value with energy straggling and multiple scattering algorithms when calculating the energy deposit in the target volume.
Mass collision stopping power values for cortical bone and PMMA were obtained through simulations using SPRRZnrc from EGSnrc Monte Carlo code.
D m calculated by LBTE solvers can be converted to D w using the Bragg-Gray cavity theory by (4) D w = D m (S ¯ ρ ) m w, where (S ¯ / ρ ) m w is the unrestricted water to medium mass collision stopping power ratio averaged over the energy spectra of primary electrons at the point of interest.
Therefore, the dose ratio for the solid water and postal phantoms was defined as the phantom scatter correction factor, calculated using the ionization ratio and the ratio of the mean restricted mass collision stopping power: (4) phantom scatter correction factor = D water D arcylic = M water M arcylic L − ρ arcylic water.
While the two waldos can cross over each other without harm, collision of atoms with one another or with the walls of the reactor is not allowed; such collisions stop the program and force the player to re-evaluate their solution.
Jon Butler, the executive director of Pop Warner, said that while the organization's officials wanted to reduce head-to-head collisions, they stopped short of more drastic measures "because there has to be some full-speed contact in practice so players are prepared for it when they get into a game".
The inability to apply pressure forces in a thin lubricated gap tends to make the solids stick together, since collision forces stop interpenetration but vanish when the solids are separating leaving the fluid pressure forces on the surface of the solid unbalanced in regard to the gap region.
Here I propose a modification of the VSC method, the 'pseudo-subcell' (PSC) method, whereby the search for a collision partner stops whenever a 'near-enough' particle is found, i.e. whenever another particle is found within the 'pseudo-subcell' of radius δ centered on the first particle.
Table 1 Training parameters and their values Parameter Value Batch size 32 Replay memory size 5000 Discount factor 0.85 Learning rate 0.000001 Gradient momentum 0.9 Max iteration 15,000 Step size 10,000 Gamma 0.1 Table 2 Setting of reward State Reward value Collision or stop −50 Keep moving 1. Fig. 5 Q-value of the evaluation set calculated by the model at different iteration stages.
In this closed environment, when the collision process stops, deceleration of the particles generates subcollisions and subejected crystal effect tails.
