These principles are best accomplished by internal ownership, in which partners share collegial control over decision-making.
Moreover, a specialized firm that offers diversified services will find extensive collegial control at the firm level difficult.
Interestingly, research on collaboration between physicians has focused on the discussion of medical mistakes, collegial control and other negatively recognised aspects of medical care [ 39- 42].
A drawback of the lockstep system is that free-riding and shirking are encouraged if collegial controls among profit-sharing professionals fail (e.g., Fama and Jensen 1983a; Leibowitz and Tollison 1980).
Yet this rich vein of work has presented a dichotomous view on governance of PSFs, in which firms choose between professional partnerships versus corporations, between collegial clan control versus corporate hierarchy, or between professional bureaucracy versus adhocracy (Mintzberg 1979: 348 379, 431 467).
All three elements of firm strategy consistently favor a collegial distribution of control rights and the use of lockstep remuneration.
Another counter example is Greenberg Traurig limited liability partnership (LLP), a fast growing Miami-based law firm that established a highly entrepreneurial governance system, in which collegial or hierarchical controls are replaced by an internal market system fostering strong partner autonomy and individual performance controls (Kolz 2007).
Some agencies still reproduce a model of reputational control and a collegial orientation among researchers.
In partnerships, ownership and management are fused in the partners, who control their business through collegial decision-making and a form of representative democracy (Brock 2006; Empson 2006, 2007; Empson and Chapman 2006; Greenwood and Empson 2003; Greenwood et al. 1990; Hinings et al. 1991).
A recent study on job satisfaction of Norwegian and German hospital doctors shows that Norwegian doctors enjoy a higher level of job satisfaction, suggesting a better work atmosphere in Norwegian hospitals, with lower physical burden, better collegial environment, more professional autonomy, more control over clinical work and shorter work hours [ 8].
The most important factors that potentially jeopardise the reproductive health of female doctors are well documented in the literature: physical and chemical risks such as anaesthetic gas, X-ray, working in changing shifts and other psycho-social stress factors, such as long and unforeseeable working hours, and the lack of control over work or collegial support.
