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Each collective scheme is marketed by a third party – these include a range of organisations from local authorities to newspapers.
"Contracting out" happens when someone has their own, extra pension – either a personal pension or a collective scheme run through their employer.
As part of a plan to nudge people into taking out private pensions, known as auto-enrolment, the British government set up a collective scheme called NEST, with annual fees that equate to just 0.5%.
What does a collective scheme do?
The best way to think of a collective scheme is to see it as being halfway between a defined benefit scheme and a defined contribution scheme.
A collective scheme might therefore involve workers across an industry - such as shop workers, or taxi drivers - rather than a single company.
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Historic data suggests collective schemes provide pensions that are around a third bigger than the individual arrangements we currently have.
But for those who are insistent on seeking potential growth over the long-term via frontier markets, collective schemes are one of the best routes.
In the US and other countries, the funds operate as collective schemes which give investors the revenue from the rental income and capital appreciation from holding the property.
In the run-up to retirement, individual DC schemes are run more conservatively than collective schemes, with most of the investor's money being switched into bonds and cash.
Some of the giant funds would be collective schemes – Scandinavian-style pensions that allow retirees to draw their retirement income straight from the scheme rather than having to buy an annuity or go down the income drawdown route.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com