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None of this is unprecedented, and there is a lot of scholarship demonstrating why such beggar-thy-neighbour approaches result in bad collective outcomes.
Earlier this year the UN secretary-general, described a humanitarian system that operates "in silos created by mandates and financial structures rather than towards collective outcomes by leveraging comparative advantage".
The world's shared humanitarian responsibilities will require political, institutional and financial investment, says Ban, and global leaders must shift to a financing strategy that focuses on the abilities of local organisations and encourages collective outcomes.
Scholarship on common-pool resource governance suggests that collective outcomes vary with the strength of the local arrangements for compliance monitoring.
It concludes with a discussion of the results and some guidelines for predicting collective outcomes in certain types of online games using the introduced framework.
Individual preferences and susceptibilities are mapped to collective outcomes through an intricate, dynamical process in which people react individually to an environment consisting largely of others who are reacting likewise.
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Given the freedom to imagine, the collective outcome was refreshing.
— In a game in which individual performances were more important than the collective outcome, a United States team of mostly reserves lost to the Czech Republic, 4-2, on Tuesday night.
The boards would include provider and housing representatives and be responsible for developing a collective, outcome-focused commissioning plan for local people with long-term conditions, disabilities and frailty.
In "The Wealth of Nations," published in 1776, Smith argued that narrow self-interest — the precursor of high-powered incentives, perhaps — could lead to the best collective outcome, but he noted that greed alone isn't enough.
Therefore, the Nash equilibrium prediction leads to a suboptimal collective outcome.
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