Scientific organizations must "not only hold a collective norm but effectively enforce it".
In contemporary Japanese society where the collective norm of filial piety coexists with the emerging notion of individualism in later years, our analyses showed that widowed older parents had a lower level of psychological wellbeing.
It is possible, as with all focus group discussions in general, that the opinions given do not reflect each individual but rather the collective norm of the wider group.
In focus groups the participants influence each other, and the data collected reflect both individual and collective norms and beliefs.
In the Irvine, California, office of law firm Bryan Cave, managing partner Stuart Price and I led employees through an exercise in which they could define collective norms.
It remains limited by a highly constraining view of the worker as an individual of purely rational motives and by an inability to grasp the significance of collective norms and behaviour in labour matters.
Thanks to the erosion of collective norms and identities, in particular of class and nation, and the recent surge of immigration into Europe, this may be such a time.
The explanation is usually psychological: both women and men unconsciously view men as leaders and women as followers, so that when a woman is promoted to senior leadership, she disrupts unconscious collective norms.
Why should our intercepted phone calls, the purchases of a nation, the lust of a generation, the identity of bullies and the secrets of us all be subject to free market and free speech even as we see the demonstrable harm and the distortion of our collective norms?
In this study we show that practices of a diversity of livestock keepers on the Leliefontein Commons of Namaqualand are at odds with this viewpoint: access to rangeland and its use are structured by collective norms and concerns regarding both the sharing of resources and their long-term sustainability.
But perhaps more important, the top-down approach is wrong because it assumes that the problem of bigotry and abuse is something we can simply sweep under the rug through better censorship, rather than by building a better online community that actively sidelines bigots and abusers through self-policing and collective norms.
