Another approach to measurement directs attention to populations at risk where several measures are now well known: collective risk, individual risk and the frequency of occurrence of the hazards that give rise to such risk.
Whether visitors basked in the virtual warmth of Olafur Eliasson's fake sun in his "Weather Project," or laid themselves upon Ai Weiwei's field of 100 million hand-painted porcelain sunflower seeds (until the dust stirred up was decreed a health hazard), the collective, interactive experience of these artworks has generated its own momentum and a new set of norms for the museum-going experience.
A detailed tutorial at Instructables.com (www.instructables.com/id/Power-Tool-Racer.-Quick-&-On-The-Cheap!) gives step-by-step directions for converting a circular saw into a racer, courtesy of Jeremy Franklin-Ross, co-founder of the Hazard Factory artists' collective in Seattle.
The new program is designed to bring speed and predictability to WHO's emergency work, using an all-hazards approach, promoting collective action, and encompassing preparedness, readiness, response, and early recovery activities.
A study carried out in Brazil with firms undergoing labor inspections revealed that the great majority (92.9%) does not comply with safety norms, particularly collective preventive practices (71.4%) against hazards in the workplace [ 6].
In order to overcome problems of trust and moral hazard, some authors have advocated collective contracting of index insurance (Trærup 2012) but this is unlikely to solve the inherent problem of high basis risk which underlines computation of payouts.
Labour market frictions potentially leading to imperfect labour markets include social partner agreements (collective bargaining), mobility costs of workers, moral hazard, monopsonies (see Muehlemann et al. 2013b) or the interaction between firm-specific and general skills (see Lazear 2009).
Collective memory How dangerous do you think Masaya volcano is? Hazard and/or risk perception How can you tell if Masaya volcano could become dangerous?
Ultimately, the hazards persist through a kind of collective indifference, a presumption that, given the crush of traffic and the vagaries of driver behavior, accidents happen.
Residents describe the importance of their family and neighbors during hazard events, and also exhibit their own collective agency to make decisions contrary to institutional plans or directives.
