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Operational governance refers to how individuals and health providers in the local health market make and implement practical decisions on day-to-day activities based on individual choices and market forces, or as allowed by collective governance in the community and constitutional governance by governments (McGinnis 2011 ).
Therefore, it would be appropriate to match the 'recentralization' of PHC governance with active support for collective governance to make the system more robust to potential government failure.
The multi-level framing of PHC governance is at three levels: one level about the individual actions and decisions of health system actors (operational governance), another level about the collective actions and decisions of health system actors (collective governance), and the third level about the actions and decisions of governments.
I see more organisations gaining experience in collective governance.
Two well-studied alternatives to private property rights are collective governance by local authorities and centralized control.
There could be no worse perversion of a legal and political concept that holds so much for the advancement of individual freedom and of proper collective governance.
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The goal of the program is to equip participants with analytical frameworks to better understand the challenges of globalization, to strengthen individual and collective leadership, to improve corporate governance, to improve sustainability, and to leverage public-private partnerships, while at the same time improving their skills to excel in positions of leadership.
But there is "the collective choice problem," said Nell Minow, a Washington-based corporate governance expert and shareholder rights activist.
Additionally, as little empirical research has documented how pastoralists negotiate hybrid conservation efforts, this article uses a case study approach to present evidence of pastoralists' roles in and perceptions of the region's collective hybrid governance project.
Defining the direct conflict between law and social norms as a tragedy and their reconciliation as a comedy, this paper serves as a case study of the mixture of tragedies and comedies of collective land governance in China.
Democratic theories of free speech hold that the right to free speech is grounded in the nature of collective self-governance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com