Following the start of dialysis perfusion, rats are left undisturbed for approximately 2 h before the collection of baseline samples.
Following collection of baseline samples, subjects orally consumed 75 g of glucose, and blood samples were obtained at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min to determine plasma glucose and insulin concentrations.
After the collection of baseline samples, plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised by 125 mg/dL above the basal level and the desired hyperglycemic level is maintained (± 5%) for the following 120 min by periodic adjustment of a 20% glucose infusion based upon the negative feedback principle.
In addition, we used standardized self-administered questionnaires to obtain baseline demographic information, seasonal influenza vaccination status, and household composition data at the time of baseline sample collection.
After the collection of three baseline samples (at −30 min, −15 min and 0 min), a three-step primed hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp was started with infusion of 8 (0 120 min), 20 (120–240 min) and 40 mU m−2 min−1 (240–360 minsulinulinsulin
After collection of baseline blood samples (t = 0), subjects consumed one of the challenge test products within 10 min.
After collection of baseline blood samples, subjects were randomized to receive subcutaneous injection of either 0.9%% sodium chloride (placebo), desmopressin 1.5 microgram or 5 microgram made up to 1 ml solution (Octostim 15microgram/ml Desmopressin Acetate. Ferring International Center SA, St Prex, Switzerland).
After placement of an intravenous cannula in each arm and collection of baseline blood samples to measure glucose and insulin concentration, a 25% glucose (Baxter HealthCare) bolus (300 mg/kg, maximum 25 g) was administered over 60 s.
Fentanyl (1.5 μg), morphine (7.5 μg), midazolam (7.5 μg), meropenem (0.75 mg), vancomycin (3 mg), propofol (75 μg), dexmedetomidine (0.375 μg), thiopentone (1.5 mg), ceftriaxone (3.75 mg), linezolid (0.75 mg), ciprofloxacin (0.375 mg), fluconazole (0.75 mg), and caspofungin (0.375 mg) were added to the control jars after collection of baseline blood samples.
After collection of a baseline sample, mice received an i.p. injection of glucose (2 g/kg body weight).
After collection of a baseline sample, mice received an i.p. injection of insulin (1 IU/kg body weight).
