Exact(1)
Two well-known databases collecting matrix information are TRANSFAC [ 22] and JASPAR [ 23].
Similar(59)
The advantage of repeated sampling is also valid when using hair as a non-invasively collected matrix.
Saliva as a non-invasively collected matrix has been used to quantify cholinesterase activity, a biomarker for potential neurotoxic effects [ 79, 80].
Because of the frequent application of meconium for illicit drug screening, structured screening protocols have also been developed for this non-invasively collected matrix [ 98, 99].
Using exhaled breath as a non-invasively collected matrix offers the potential to directly relate substances in ambient air to exhaled concentrations of biological and toxicological relevance.
Meconium has been promoted as a very useful non-invasively collected matrix to describe exposure of the unborn child to pesticides or metals [ 54, 55].
While washing procedures have been shown to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous exposure, caution remains necessary in the interpretation of using hair as a non-invasively collected matrix for exposure [ 63].
It is a widely-employed non-invasively collected matrix in many of the largest environmental studies such as the German Environmental Survey for children (GerES) [ 93], the American National Health and Nutrition Examination study (NHANES) [ 18], or the Flemish Human Biomonitoring programme [ 94].
One of the major disadvantage of using placenta, cord blood or human milk as a non-invasively collected matrix for biomonitoring is that only women and their children can be included in a biomonitoring study, and only at certain periods in their lives [ 3].
Probably the major advantage of urine as a non-invasively collected matrix is the ease with which repeated sampling can be performed without major ethical or practical limitations across all layers of the population, including babies, young children and other susceptible populations.
Using non-invasively collected matrices, possibly gathered through home-collection, may dramatically improve participation rates of populations because less effort is involved for the participants [ 29, 30] or because it lowers the guardians' objections for children's participation [ 31].
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