The speckle contrast and the intensity collected were measured using a 20% solution of intralipid.
gambiae larval habitats, ammonia concentration (mg·L-1 total-N), pH, and temperature of the breeding sites from which test larvae were collected were measured using a portable testing kit (CP1000, Wagtech International, Thatcham, Berkshire, UK).
When all samples were collected, cytokines were measured using commercially available ELISAs (R&D Systems, MN, USA and Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) according to the protocols supplied by the manufacturer.
Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) or specific conductance and resistivity of collected water samples were measured using Delta Ohm HD 2306.0 conductivity meter.
Cell medium and cell lysate were collected; lactate concentrations were measured using the L-Lactate Assay Kit for a 96-well plate (Eton Bioscience Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Supernatants were collected and protein concentrations were measured using the Lowry assay.
After 20 min centrifugation at 14,000 g at 4°C, the supernatant was collected and protein concentrations were measured using BioRad Protein Assay (BioRad).
The media were collected and secreted proinsulins were measured using anti-rat insulin radioimmunoassay, which recognizes both human and mouse proinsulin and insulin.
After centrifugation, clear lysates were collected and protein concentrations were measured using microplate spectrophotometer (Spectramax Plus384, Molecular Devices Inc., Silicon Valley, CA, USA) using a reagent from Biorad (Biorad, Gladesville, NSW, Australia).
The supernatant was collected, and protein concentrations were measured using Advanced Protein Assay reagent (Cytoskeleton).
Supernatant was collected and protein concentrations were measured using the Bradford method (Bio-Rad).
