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Third, we may have underestimated the extent of collaterals by measuring only spontaneously visible coronary collaterals.
For example, Baffour R et al. proved that recombinant bFGF could enhance angiogenesis and growth of collaterals by in vivo administration in a rabbit hindlimb ischemic model [6].
In experiments where local Glu release at CA1 pyramidal cells was evoked, 100 μs, 500 μA stimuli were applied to the Schaffer collaterals by a bipolar Tungsten electrode at 15 s intervals.
Subsequent immunofluorescence analyses in remodelling collaterals by utilizing a specific antibody against (active) RhoA-GTP indicated that RhoA activation was more pronounced in SMCs of wild-type but not RGS5-deficient mice (Fig 5D).
Local initiation of Glu release in the CA1 region by applying stimuli to the Schaffer collaterals by a bipolar Tungsten electrode also did not reveal a GAT-2/3 mediated tonic current component (average holding current: 74.9 ± 16.7 pA in control vs. 71.7 ± 17.1 pA in the presence of 100 μM SNAP-5114, P = 0.40, N = 8 cells/7 animals).
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If there is still a shortfall, the good banks should be allowed to manufacture collateral by issuing government-guaranteed bonds.
And, like any other security, they could be used as collateral by their buyers when raising loans.
The banks will then be able to obtain these funds in exchange for putting up their own collateral, including debt currently not accepted as collateral by the European Central Bank.
"Collateral transformation" directly addresses a firm's shortage of safe collateral by, in effect, swapping a riskier asset for one that can be posted as margin.
Their loss of the New Yorker Films catalogue, in 2009 (it was used as collateral by Madstone Films, which had acquired New Yorker Films), was a historic loss.
That has encouraged speculation that Greek government bonds might soon no longer be accepted as collateral by the E.C.B., or might only be eligible at a higher cost.
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