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Also, this collateral pathway can preclude crucial procedures such as TIPS.
Ascending lumbar veins drain to the CA and the CHA (deep collateral pathway).
Note drainage of a dilated gonadal vein (GV) to the right renal vein (median collateral pathway).
The pathomechanisms of this type of collateral pathway remain to be elucidated.
The ascending lumbar vein and intravertebral veins were drained by azygos and hemiazygos veins through the deep collateral pathway.
We report a rare case of a well-preserved PTA serving as a collateral pathway to the distal ICA territory associated with segmental agenesis of the ipsilateral ICA.
Such collateral pathway patterns are rare, and in our review of the literature, we found that only four cases have been described [1, 3, 6].
We report a patient with segmental agenesis of the ICA concomitant with an enlarged ipsilateral persistent primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) and another primitive carotid-basilar anastomosis as an infrequent collateral pathway to the distal ICA territory.
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A bipolar tungsten stimulating electrode was place in the stratum radiatum to activate the Schaffer-collateral pathway projecting to CA1.
Thus, PS expressed presynaptically, but not postsynaptically, are required for neurotransmitter release and induction of LTP in Schaffer-collateral pathway synapses [6].
LTP was induced by pairing low frequency stimulation (2 Hz, 0.1 ms duration, 1 min) of the Schaffer-Collateral pathway with depolarization to 0 mV.
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