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Australia faces many economic challenges in the near future, whether it is anaemic growth, falling national income, stagnant wages, plunging mining sector capital expenditure, an uptick in unemployment and underemployment, or the collapsing terms of trade.
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One is a terms-of-trade shift.
They are to restore its growth in productivity, to turn at least some of its universities into world leaders and to provide it with the flexibility and resilience to enable it to cope with the unexpected a collapse in its terms of trade, a bust-up in Indonesia, civil war in China, an isolationist president in America or whatever else may be thrown at it.
Pastoral famines are essentially a breakdown in terms of trade resulting from collapsing animal prices and soaring cereal prices.
It has been a long, slow process over two decades – since German reunification and the collapse of communism – shifting the terms of trade between Paris and Berlin.
In Argentina, the terms of trade deteriorated considerably even before the collapse of the international economic order in the early 1930s (see Fig. 4).
No. Their terms of trade?
That was the terms of trade.
Therefore, terms of trade deteriorate.
Despite long-term declines, and the effects of subsidised meat and milk products being dumped on African markets (e.g. The Economist 1993; Oxfam 2002), broadly favourable terms of trade still underpin successful pastoral economies (Zaal and Dietz 1999; Dietz et al. 2001; Zaal et al. 2006), although drought or epidemic can precipitate rapid collapse into famine (Homewood 2008).
Neither does it increase output nor the terms of trade.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com