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However, at higher protein concentrations, the difference between collapse temperature and Tg′ became progressively larger.
(3) The novel Y zeolite maintained good relative crystallinity after 2 h hydrothermal deactivation and the collapse temperature increased 13 °C.
It was shown that USY1 with the lowest rare earth content possessed the smallest UCS but the highest collapse temperature and retention of crystallinity after modification.
The method makes use of the fact that the collapse load factor of a frame is a linear function of the collapse temperature for the same collapse mode.
This allows running the primary drying process step as time efficient as possible, hereby guaranteeing that the temperature at the sublimation front does not exceed the collapse temperature.
Confinement was seen to significantly raise the collapse temperature, Tc, as a result of the associated entropy loss of the unfolded state.
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However, values of Deff increase approximately four- and six-fold, respectively as the collapse temperatures are approached.
We recently reported that the presence of chloride counter ions in freeze-dried l-arginine/sucrose formulations provided the greatest protein stability, but led to low collapse temperatures and glass transition temperatures of the freeze concentrates.
The cavitational effects in terms of magnitudes of collapse temperatures and collapse pressure, number of free radicals generated and extent of turbulence are strongly dependent on the operating parameters such as ultrasonic power, frequency, duty cycle, temperature as well as physicochemical parameters of liquid medium which controls the inception of cavitation.
Furthermore, the lyophilisation behaviour of a citrate and a tris HCl buffer are well described by the model and values of Deff are constant at temperatures below the collapse temperatures of the dried cakes.
Freeze-drying process design is a challenging task that necessitates a profound understanding of the complex interrelation among critical process parameters (e.g., shelf temperature and chamber pressure), heat transfer characteristics of the involved materials (e.g., product containers and holder devices), and critical quality attributes of the product (e.g., collapse temperatures).
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