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Cold start time for ATR-WGS reactor was found to be longer than autothermal reforming (ATR) reactor due to the addition of a slower water-gas shift (WGS) process.
(3)where (H_{SCi}) is hot start-up cost of unit i; (C_{SCi}) the cold start-up cost of unit i; (X_{OFFi}^{t}) the duration time during which unit i keeps off status at hour t; (C_{SHi}) cold start time of unit i; and (M_{DTi}) the minimum down time of unit i.
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Increasing the startup cell temperature would significantly delay ice formation and consequently lead to longer cold-start time.
In our tests, the cold-start (time until a position fix) was usually less than two minutes.
The cold start-up time also is nearly independent of the operating modes.
Deep learning models are hungry and suffer from what's called the cold start problem — the period of time where a model just hasn't been trained on enough edge cases to be effective.
In addition, slight differences were observed between the DG-100 used in the HCTLS and the BT-Q1000x used in supplemental data collection; BT-Q1000x had a shorter acquisition time at cold start in an indoor environment, lower rate of data loss, but slightly poorer performance in spatial accuracy [ 24].
(7 where (MDTleft( i right)), (CShleft( i right)) are the minimum down time (in hours), cold start hours of (i^{{text{th}}}) thermal unit and (OFFhleft( i right)) is the time in hours for which ith unit is in OFF state.
The detailed simulation results clearly suggest that the cold-start operational time can be extended significantly using a dual-function MPL, and the extended time is directly proportional to the pore volume of the MPL for ice storage.
The heat spreader model of four hooks like turbine blades corresponded to the optimal shape necessary to prepare a sufficient amount of the molten urea-water solution for the normal de-NOx performance of a urea-SCR system within the shortest time of a cold start.
Boot-up time from a cold start is about a minute, but out of sleep mode only takes a few seconds.
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