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"It's been about 20C warmer than normal over most of the Arctic Ocean, along with cold anomalies of about the same magnitude over north-central Asia.
This difficulty can be alleviated by stressing the need to focus on the frequency and magnitude of warm and cold anomalies, which change noticeably on decadal time scales as global warming increases.
Synchronous periods of reduced algal productivity and accelerated landscape instability point to cold anomalies centered at ∼8.2, 6.6, 4.2, 3.3, 2.3, 1.8, 1, and 0.25 ka.
Triggers for cold anomalies are linked to variable combinations of freshwater pulses, low total solar irradiance, explosive and effusive volcanism, and internal modes of climate variability, with cooling likely sustained by ocean/sea-ice feedbacks.
The Vestfirðir peninsula (NW Iceland) is an ideal target for continued climate reconstructions due to the presence of a small ice cap (Drangajökull) and numerous lakes, which provide two independent means to evaluate existing Icelandic climate records and to constrain the forcing mechanisms behind centennial-scale cold anomalies.
Most (9 of 13) disease outbreaks in surveys followed winters with few or no cold anomalies (i.e., Cold Snap ≥−0.5°C-weeks).
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That cold anomaly was overwhelmed by many other abnormally hot periods elsewhere throughout the year, including searing heat that worsened the ongoing drought in the Western U.S. and wilting heat spells in Europe and Australia.
In particular, cold temperature anomalies, especially during winter months, may reduce pathogen loads and thereby the risk of disease outbreaks in the following summer.
Reductions in WS counts from summer surveys to the following winter surveys at Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef [8] suggested a role for cold thermal anomalies in disease dynamics.
Profile b (red frame) runs through the cold thermal anomaly in the south-east of Munich.
In Figure 7b, the characteristic feature in the tropical oceans is the cold SST anomaly along the Peruvian coast and equatorial Pacific, accompanied by anomalous easterly winds, indicative of Bjerknes feedback, which plays a key role in the ENSO variability.
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