Fragments of P. aeruginosa biofilm had cohesive strengths ranging from 395 to 15,640 N/m2, with a median value of 3020 N/m2.
Cohesive properties, ranging from molecular affinities to cell cell adhesion, to genetic compatibility, mate recognition, and genealogy, also provide resistance to fluctuations from lower levels, allowing macroscopic properties to emerge.
As compared with the ground loss due to single-circular Earth-Pressure-Balance (EPB) shield tunneling in cohesive soils, the range of ground loss due to DOT shield tunneling was relatively narrow, and the peak ground loss value was significantly less.
Adhesion of P. aeruginosa to host cells involves a complex mix of interactions: short-range cohesive interactions between the bacterial outer membrane and the host membrane, and long-range constant force interactions reflecting the extension of bacterial pili and the extraction of host tethers.
A scale-dependent behavior of hardness was observed as a function of indentation depth for all coatings: at low penetration depths, the hardness value depends on the intralamellar material properties, whereas at larger depths it reflects the long-range cohesive strength of the coating.
But below 75 100 μm, in the silt and clay ranges, cohesive forces become increasingly important, sediments becoming more stable as particle size diminishes (Fig. 3).
The surprising breadth of the cohesive energy density (CED) range corresponding to this spectrum is roughly comparable to the breadth of the CED range of small molecule solvents that swell a given glassy polymer heavily, and much smaller than the breadth of the CED range of miscibility seen in a polymer/polymer blend series.
The types of sediment mixtures used ensured that a range of cohesive deposit strengths was developed.
Analyses on the spatial variation of Tg across the thin film reveal that the short-range interface near the cohesive surface generates a long-range interphase that leads a spatially uniform appreciation of Tg throughout the film, unlike weakly cohesive surfaces that show sharp gradients along the depth of film.
The data validation rate ranges between 20 and 80 Hz for a cohesive sediment concentration in the range 20 140 g l−1.
