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Describing regional activity during one condition relative to activity across all conditions avoids some of the potential errors of interpretation inherent in cognitive subtractions (Friston et al. 1996).
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However, these studies employed categorical designs based on the controversial methodology of the cognitive subtraction of neural activations related to different tasks.
Both the opportunities and the pitfalls with applying the idea of cognitive subtraction to neuroimaging data were well-known from studies using positron emission tomography.
Because these signals were temporally independent, individual components of tasks could be contrasted with one another, rather than entire tasks, reducing the problem of violations of pure insertion in cognitive subtraction.
As a diagnostic measure, we used repetition suppression (RS) in order to avoid the many confounds that commonly emerge from direct cognitive subtraction between different types of tasks, such as the decoding of meaningful versus meaningless actions [25].
The cognitive task was serial subtractions, described below.
Similarly, the cognitive component works by using subtraction between the current position of particle and personal best information.
In addition, the increase in β-alanine ingestion appeared to improve 50-m casualty carry time and cognitive performance (i.e., serial subtraction test).
Examples of cognitive tasks included arithmetic tasks (eg, serial-3 subtractions), working memory tasks (eg, n-back test), or choice reaction time tasks (eg, auditory Stroop test).
Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of the "subtraction" idea and the corresponding top-down cognitive speech processing mechanism that underlie the hypotheses 2 (a) and (b) and 3 of the present study.
The current study reported significant improvements in cognitive performance, as assessed by the 2-min serial subtraction test.
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