But he takes pains to say that one culture's mode of perceiving is no better than another: "The cognitive orientations and skills of East Asians and people of European cultures are sufficiently different that it seems highly likely that they would complement and enrich one another in any given setting".
Following the actor-centered institutionalism of Mayntz and Scharpf (1995), aspirations consist of perceptions and interpretation of a situation (cognitive orientation), defining personal motivation, and individual identities.
Prior to reaching some of these cognitive milestones, they normatively present with a more behavioral and less cognitive orientation to their environment.
Commitment means having the "intention to persist" in a relationship; being psychologically attached to each other; and developing a "cognitive orientation" that says, "Yes, we are in this for the long run," according to A Clinician's Guide to Maintaining and Enhancing Close Relationships.
ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; AS: Asperger's syndrome; CBT: Cognitive behavioral therapy; CO-OP: Cognitive orientation for (daily) occupational performance; DSM: Diagnostic and statistical manual; HFA: High-functioning autism; PDD-NOS: Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; SDARI: Socio-dramatic affective-relational intervention; SODA: Stop-observe-deliberate-act.
Isolating other important contributors, such as personality and temperament factors, optimism/pessimism and/or fixed versus flexible cognitive orientation would be a welcome extension to this line of inquiry and may contain useful implications for intervention and treatment.
A previous study showedthat a cognitive orientation questionnaire of addiction (see Methods) identifiedbasic similarities and specific differences between addiction to alcohol and todrugs.
It was observed that intervention approaches assigned to cases in each sector followed similar lines, with mainly physical approaches being adopted in the health sector, and approaches with a more cognitive orientation in the special education sector.
Traditionally, context and interaction have been portrayed with a cognitive orientation.
In contrast, the construct Spirituality is commonly divided into the following sub-constructs: Cognitive Orientation Towards Spirituality, Experiential/Phenomenological Dimension of Spirituality, Existential Well-Being, Paranormal Beliefs, and Religiousness [ 17].
