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Not only do laypersons rely on experts for knowledge, but even within epistemic communities such as in research teams there are cognitive divisions of labor that result in a dependence on other experts for knowledge relevant to one's own research.
Without committing himself to a view of communities as knowers, John Hardwig (1985) has argued that cognitive divisions of labor within research teams might push us in the direction of accepting a view of communities as knowers, where only communities as wholes, not individual scientists can be said to hold the evidence for the team's conclusion.
More than many other social epistemologists interested in cognitive divisions of labor, feminist social epistemologists develop analyses that attend to the power dynamics within epistemic communities, examining correlations between structures of cognitive and social authority, and demonstrating their influence on the direction of research.
This is because social divisions -- "heads" vs. "tails" or "red bibs" vs. "blue bibs" -- quickly became cognitive divisions.
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In meta-analyses, it was furthermore stressed that especially this part of the cingulate cortex forms the cognitive division, being activated in cognitively demanding tasks.
Thus, they provide further support for Kitcher's insight that the cognitive division of labor in science is epistemically beneficial.
In non-human primates, the zona incerta receives projections from the internal globus pallidus [although mainly the cognitive division (Sidibe et al., 1997)], and it sends GABA-ergic projections to the posterior VL (Bartho et al., 2002).
In the company's Q2 earning report, IBM announced that its cognitive solutions division had posted revenues of $4.7 billion, up 4percentt year over year.
Of those, 21 came from SBE's behavioral and cognitive sciences division, including a number of grants in archaeology and anthropology.
The ACC can be separated according to its main function into more a cognitive dorsal part and a rostral-ventral affective division (ACCad) [48] [50].
She is a member of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and Division 53 of the American Psychological Association.
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