Furthermore, individual and item differences could be explained substantially by the test-taker's educational attainment, language, and cognitive skill level, and by the item's difficulty and position.
At the person level, we tested the effects of educational attainment, language, gender, age, and cognitive skill on individual test-taking disengagement in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving.
Given previous research, we expected that educational attainment, fluency in the test language, being female and cognitive skill would be negatively related to test-taking disengagement.
However, the addition of Educational Attainment resulted in substantial reductions in the regression coefficients of the cognitive skill variable.
We use completed school attainment (highest grade completed) as our indicator of experiences related to cognitive skill formation during this life-cycle stage.
The criteria of interest in this study comprise Cognitive Skills, Educational Attainment, and two wage-related labor market outcomes.
Family income and poverty status are powerful key factors for determining educational, cognitive and behavioral attainment (Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, & Klebanov, 1994).
The first concerns a multitude of terms pertaining to the central explanatory variable, which are sometimes used synonymously (e.g., prior knowledge, attainment, cognitive characteristics, cognitive abilities, and past academic achievement).
PIAAC is the third in a sequence of periodic surveys conducted under the auspices of the OECD to examine the relationships among adults' demographic and family characteristics, Cognitive Skills, Educational Attainment, work experiences and labor market outcomes.
Recent research from the UK and USA has documented effects on cognitive function, educational attainment and IQ in children at levels well below the current action threshold of 10 µg dL−1 blood lead [8] [10].
