Diversity in the assemblages of coexisting species is one measure of alternative outcomes of succession.
Stickleback evidently compete for food, and the estimated strength of competition between coexisting species indeed declined after divergence.
Manipulation of tube design may allow selective sampling of EPN species, depending on the abiotic characteristics of soils, and the biology, behavior, and interspecific interactions of coexisting species.
Fish stocking can result in increased resource competition for coexisting species in receiving fisheries, with potential implications for the subsequent growth of individuals.
However, the empirical food webs that have been investigated for their structural properties represent local communities that are only a subset of a larger pool of regionally coexisting species.
Here I explain this paradox in terms of the ecological equivalence realised by coexisting species at demographic equilibrium.
Their results suggested that tree species in the younger forest and drought-stressed plateaus were phylogenetically clustered, while coexisting species in the swamp and slope habitats were more distantly related than expected.
We quantified phenotypic differences of body size, wing morphology and echolocation between coexisting species with two indices, minimum segment length ratio and variance of segment length ratios, and compared them with corresponding patterns expected by chance that were derived by random sampling from known and simulated regional source pools.
This diversity loss appears to have been driven by a combination of negative population growth combined with the genetic collapse of coexisting species through speciation reversal.
Abbreviations as in Tables 1 and 3. Ecological separation of coexisting species is achieved along the axes of food, time, and space [ 74, 75].
Coexisting species differ in traits linked to feeding and reproductive ecology, with very similar ecotypes having evolved repeatedly in several lakes [ 23, 25, 26].
