Optical transmission spectra were used to determine absorption coefficient and gap energy of the sample.
First, by evaluating the fitness value of each particle, a simple particle evolutionary fitness function is designed to control parameters involving acceleration coefficient, refreshing gap, learning probabilities and number of the potential exemplars automatically.
The microstructural differences as a function of OAD content are reflected in the transmission modulation in the photopic and solar regions, NIR reflectance, optical absorption coefficient, band gap, refractive index, switching kinetics, charge storage capacity and electrochemical activity of the films.
Three-dimensional (3D), finite element method (FEM) is introduced to calculate deformation influence coefficients and gaps of assumed pairs of contact points between the contact surfaces in the mathematical model.
The recombination coefficient increases as gap energy decreases.
Refractive index n, extinction coefficient k, and gap energy of the NiO films were determined with a refractive index gradient decreasing along the film growth direction.
It is found that, for the steady-state, the uncertainties of the heat transfer coefficient and helium gap conductivity factor are the most remarkable contributors to the statistical results of peaking fuel temperature.
The coefficient of income gap is 0.023 (s.e. 0.011) very close to their estimate of 0.018 (s.e. 0.029) and much more precisely estimated, given the larger coverage by the dataset presented in this paper.
All stages to extract refractive index, absorption coefficient, and band gap energy are explained in detail in this section; and finally, a discussion on the behavior of optical parameters of all deposited films is presented.
