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Nevertheless, I was surprised by the degree to which established codes of racial relations were often ignored.
Under America's rigidly enforced codes of racial supremacy, any child of a mixed-race relationship was deemed "black", regardless of their complexion.
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However, the use of these words in everyday parlance belies their hurtful and, yes, racial, meaning when applied to a person who is accused of breaking the unwritten code of racial solidarity.
The term "diversity" has become a code word for inclusion of racial, ethnic and sexual minorities.
They were outliers, of course, but listening to them made me better attuned to hearing the dog-whistle of racial code in less charged environments.
This is the era we are still in: the era of racial code words and indirect, de facto discrimination.
Conservatives' use of racial code words to galvanize White voters and White voters' resistance to voting for Black candidates are both part of this history.
It's also worth noting that despite the gossamer-thin margin separating them in this election, the Romney campaign did not, until relatively late in the game, resort to the kinds of coded racial appeals that were a cornerstone of Presidential politics.
The Sun now has 28 days to put its case to the press regulator and then Ipso will rule on whether the column breached an editor's code that bans the use of racial generalisations among other things.
Mr. Dean wasn't suggesting that his party adopt the G.O.P. strategy of coded racial signals, and by and large African-Americans -- my wife included -- understand that.
2Even for the years 2003 2009, when the CPS offered a large variety of racial characteristics, we code as African-American only those who listed that as their sole racial identification.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com