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With the coding of the levels of engagement simplified to only discriminating between low (0 20% of the students engaged), medium, or high (≥80% of the student engaged), some observers, particularly those who had some experience with observing levels of student engagement, could easily code engagement along with the other two categories, and there was reasonable consistency between observers.
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We shuttled between close, line-by-line coding and engagement with select social scientific literature to develop our analytical framework.
Items related to codes for engagement in play (d880) and shared cooperative play (d8803) were found in DCGM-37, Kid-KINDL and PedsQL 4.0.
After familiarizing themselves with the data by reading an interview as a whole, both researchers independently started coding the data firstly by identifying codes that refer to personal aspects, secondly identifying codes referring to aspects of the job or the work environment and ultimately identifying codes referring to work engagement (descriptive coding).
The most common factors associated with coding errors were: the quality of source documentation; issues relating to trust coding arrangements; clinician engagement and involvement; and identification and coding of co-morbidities.
Significant associations found between the key independent variables – higher (coded "1") or lower (coded "0") CBO engagement – and measures of HIV knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, behavior, service utilization, and social transformation are in bold in the tables.
To build continued support at local level, it may be essential to implement clear guidelines of engagement, code of conduct and basic support like safety gear, group insurance for the period of their engagement.
For example, behaviors like reading aloud, raising hand, or talking about learning material were coded as active engagement whereas behaviors like listening to lecture/peer answer or reading silently were coded as passive engagement.
We conducted two different controlled experiments in order to examine the effects of QR codes on visitor engagement in museum-like spaces.
Also, there were difficulties with obtaining consistent coding of student engagement across all observers; the judgments were often dependent on the levels of engagement common to the specific disciplines and courses with which the observers were familiar.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com