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The microstructure and wear characteristics of the coating were analyzed using XRD, TEM, SEM and EDS.

The phase composition, microstructure and element distribution of the coating were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

Microstructures and compositions of the nano WC Co powder and coating were analyzed using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and XRD (X-ray Diffraction), etc.

The morphology, component, chemical composition and structure of the pretreatment layers and electroless nickel coating were analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy.

The obtained coating was analyzed using XRD, SEM, XPS, Raman, TEM and Thermo-gravimetric analysis TGA).

The thickness and atomic distribution of deposited metal coating was analyzed using RBS.

Composition of the coating was analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).

The chemical composition of the coating was analyzed using energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS).

A representative sample coupon autoclaved with the ATR driver fuel to produce the pre-film coating was analyzed using optical profilometry.

The surface and cross-section morphology of the deposited coating was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

In this article, the distribution of types of silicate anion in solutions is investigated by transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si NMR), and the surface of the silicate coating is analyzed using reflection infrared spectroscopy (RA-IR).