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However, the previous model, the single-sphere model, assumes no coating regions in the Dancoff factor predictions.
The PEO-treated specimens revealed mainly cohesive failure within the titanium-rich inner coating regions, which contrasted with the adhesive failure of untreated titanium.
To address this model deficiency, the dual-sphere model is proposed by deriving a new chord length distribution function between two fuel kernels that explicitly accounts for coating regions.
The laser clad specimens showed a reduced fatigue life compared to the specimen without cladding but of the same size due to the presence of residual stresses in substrate and coating regions.
Thus, the phase transformation is favored in the coating regions that developed under moderate ion-irradiation conditions, characterized by low stress and well-developed columnar grains, and retarded under the presence of high compressive stress.
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The analytical model employed in this study demonstrated that thinner coatings alters axial residual stress by generating lower tensile residual stress in coating region which enhance fatigue life, compared to thicker coatings.
Therefore, the coating region should be taken into account in the calculation of Dancoff factors.
A TRISO fuel particle usually consists of four layers that form a coating region outside the fuel kernel.
When fuel particles are loaded in the reactor, the spatial distribution of fuel kernels can be affected by the thickness of the coating region.
In this process a reactive gas mixture containing coating precursors is introduced into a coating region and a source of energy e.g. heat applied to initiate (or accelerate) decomposition of the precursor and growth of the coating on the target substrate (Choy, 2003).
Dry powder of P-selectin with Fc chain (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was dissolved in PBS, and 20 µL of the solution was added into a coating region 2.5 mm × 5 mm of petri dish (Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY) bottom surface, which was held by a hollowed silicon gasket and marked in the cover slide center, and incubated overnight at 4°C.
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