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With an auxiliary point, the linear method for the special case of four coplanar points is extended to find the coarse solutions for the general P3P problem.
The individual and coarse solutions can deviate slightly, as only a finite number of PC coefficients are used during the computations, but the difference is practically unnoticeable in the "eye norm" (Fig. 11).
The coarse solutions are employed to make initial populations for the subsequent GAs.
The search is performed by various crossover methods, resulting in obtaining local solutions around the coarse solutions.
First, the random search explores a large parameter space without any human biases and finds multiple coarse solutions showing a good fitness value.
At this stage, it is important to find the coarse solutions showing some oscillations because GAs cannot evolve non-oscillatory solutions into stable oscillators.
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The idea is that the coarse solution procedure captures the fine-grid variations of the solution.
At the first step, a coarse solution is obtained with a bottom-up grouping method.
Then, the coarse solution is iteratively refined in a greedy manner.
The coarse solution can be obtained in the coarse approximation space, and refined by adding details in the detail spaces over several levels till the equation is resolved to the desired accuracy.
Third, a fine-grid solution is computed on each subdomain using boundary conditions set with the global coarse solution, corrected locally with fine-grid information from nearby subdomains.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com