We analyze the relationship between candidates' spending and their likelihood of success, controlling for a range of relevant co-varying factors.
A four-factor model consisting of two latent co-varying factors (i.e. identified with intrinsic motivation and introjected regulation with external regulation) yielded an unacceptable fit.
Moreover, these sex-differences were apparent with regard to both the degree of cognitive decline from pre-season and the frequency of impaired cognitive performance and were independent of a number of co-varying factors such as age and injury severity.
To examine the role of co-varying factors, we constructed and applied structural equation models (SEMs) for each ecosystem process.
It is also possible that this pattern arises given differential distribution of co-varying factors across the BC exposure groups that contribute to the child's underlying vulnerability to pollution effects.
The augmented differentiation response observed at higher seeding densities could be attributed to multiple co-varying factors that inevitably change when increasing the number of cells in a culture vessel, such as cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, cell cell contact, paracrine signaling, and cell shape.
Fortunately, remote sensing using a combination of airborne and satellite platforms, has started to capture many of these co-varying spatial factors over the study area.
Much of the discussion on the discrepancies among these studies boils down to the question whether small, short, but well controlled in vitro experiments represent the real world where direct cause-effect relationships are difficult to establish because of co-varying environmental factors (e.g. [22]).
First, we examine the factors co-varying with the size and density of the networks and then we apply a most similar system – most different outcome research design.
Despite the fact that we have very strong relations between explanatory (age and disability pensioners) and co-varying (immigrants and economically stressed) factors and poor self-rated health there are still some significant factors relating to housing area, residential stability and social capital.
