Prior work has noted that abstract spatial gestures sometimes occur without any tip-off in the co-occurring speech (e.g., Casasanto & Jasmin, 2012; Cienki, 1998; Cienki & Müller, 2008), but it has been unclear from these observations whether such cases are the exception or the rule.
The hand that speakers use for spontaneous gestures provides an index of their feelings about the content of the co-occurring speech.
Furthermore, results suggest that the hand speakers use to gesture may have unexpected (and probably unintended) communicative value, providing the listener with a subtle index of how the speaker feels about the content of the co-occurring speech.
From the reading passage, synonyms of co-occurring words with the same part-of-speech as the target word are collected.
Patient indications included features of autism and/or ID/DD with or without comorbidities (or co-occurring features) such as epilepsy, speech, motor and language deficits, behavioral and psychiatric issues including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and other congenital malformations including cardiac defects, renal and genitourinary abnormalities, and craniofacial and skeletal features.
Cortical areas associated with digit span were identified by using a multiple-regression analysis that allowed us to focus on auditory short-term memory capacity while controlling for co-occurring deficits in single word speech perception, comprehension and production.
Non-fluent aphasia usually co-occurs with speech disorders that include difficulties to plan and to execute oral, speech-specific movements (apraxia of speech), to coordinate articulatory organs, respiration and larynx (dysarthria) or to swallow (dysphagia).
Recognition of emotion and mental state from speech is a fundamentally multidisciplinary field, comprising contributions from psychology, speech science, linguistics, (co-occurring) nonverbal communication, machine learning, artificial intelligence and signal processing, among others.
Prior research has shown that gestures that co-occur with speech can improve understanding of abstract concepts by embodying the underlying meaning of those concepts, thereby making them more accessible to the listener.
Hadar et al. [29] found that increased head movement activity co-occurs with speech, and Beskow et al. [30] found, by analysing facial motion for words in focal and nonfocal position, that prominence is manifested visually in all parts of the face, and that the particular realisation chosen is dependent on the context.
Speech-language pathologists have reported increased evidence of co-occurring stuttering andphonological disorders in their caseloads.
