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This study investigated whether maternal sociodemographic, perinatal and neonatal factors are associated with co-occurring disabilities.
Co-occurring disabilities are common and data indicate that those with both physical and mental disabilities face greater discrimination in the workforce.
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However, no studies have examined predictors of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities in children with ASD.
Subgroups that corresponded to higher- and lower-functioning ASDs, such as subgroups based on co-occurring intellectual disabilities (ID), have been suggested as ASD endophenotypes that correspond to genetic liability (Szatmari et al. 2007).
In contrast, a more nuanced interpretation of results, focusing on patterns of magnitude and precision, yields a conclusion that associations between maternal smoking and ASD may differ by the presence of co-occurring intellectual disabilities, consistent with the meta-analytic combined results.
Research is limited in examining the presence of comorbid symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring intellectual disability (ID).
In summary, our data suggest a distinct genetic architecture for participants with autism and co-occurring intellectual disability and that this architecture could involve a role for recessively inherited loci for this autism subgroup.
Studies involving children with autism but which did not explicitly report co-occurring intellectual disability were included unless it was clear that participants had high-functioning autism.
Traditional strategies for nonpharmacological treatment of late-life depression do not specifically address the co-occurring cognitive impairment and disability that is prevalent in this population.
The only subgroup in which the SES gradient was not observed was the subgroup with co-occurring autism and intellectual disability (Table 4).
The SES gradient was significantly stronger in children with a pre-existing diagnosis than in those meeting criteria for ASD but with no previous record of an ASD diagnosis (p<0.001), and was not present in children with co-occurring ASD and intellectual disability.
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