For this, we need to provide a platform that support a dialogue among the users in a CO programme.
Further, we review and discuss the main challenges faced by a CO programme in support of environmental governance.
In addition to collecting existing data and information from relevant programmes and projects, the two data layer approach can be applied in a CO programme, utilizing citizens as mobile sensors as well as implementing physical sensors.
This approach creates a platform for exchange of information in two directions, and an involvement and engagement with all stakeholders which is crucial if a sustainable CO programme is to take place.
The top-down approach is to ensure individual case studies within a CO programme have coordinated data types and acquisition, so that they can be analysed in an integrated manner at a later stage.
As participants in a major EU FP7 project (CITI-SENSE) [ 16] as well as from work undertaken across several EU-funded projects, e.g., ENVIROFI, 2011 2013 [ 19] and HENVINET, 2007 2011 [ 20], which contained core components that were heavily based on the CO concept [ 21, 22], we have gained some insight on best practices for a CO programme.
The method proposed here, involves a combined top-down and bottom-up approach in a CO programme and can interpret the use of citizen science as a two-way data connection between the researchers and citizen scientists who work from opposite approaches (Top-down and bottom-up) [ 71, 72].
He is co-Programme Director for the MA in Digital Asset Management.
To meet the needs of the enlarged European Union, The Commission has proposed the creation of a European grouping of cross-border co-operation (EGCC), creating the framework for a cross-border authority to manage co-operation programmes.
We developed unprecedented co-operation programmes in vocational training and police capabilities.
