A cluster of human isolates from autochthonous hepatitis E cases were found to be genetically similar to the local swine strains by phylogenetic analysis [ 11].
The population differentiation and geographic clustering of genotypes of STEC O157 H7 isolates from human cases and bovine meat samples from regions of both islands of New Zealand are illustrated in Figure 2. Consistent with the AMOVA results, we found evidence of within-island clustering of human isolates.
Another cluster consisted of pig isolates, and 2 other clusters consisted of human isolates.
One notable observational finding is the presence of a small genetic cluster within Group 2 that is exclusively comprised of human isolates.
The isolates from animals clustered together with 100% bootstrap support, but show a distinct evolutionary distance unlike the current outbreaks of human isolates.
Evidently, each cluster contained C. difficile isolates from different host origins, except one (marked as a red branch in Figure 2) that was entirely composed of human isolates.
Although not statistically supported by STRUCTURE analysis as a separate genetic group, visual examination of Figure 2 reveals a small cluster of exclusively human isolates within Group 2. Samples were submitted for either fungal or aerobic culture testing by 42 veterinary clinics in 34 cities throughout Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota.
On the other hand, for the Atlantic forest region, the clustering of sequences from human isolates with sequences from simian isolates supports the idea of zoonotic malaria in this region [ 7], although it is very likely that it is being currently maintained in the region due to asymptomatic individuals who are acting as main source of parasites [ 36].
In the phylogenetic tree of the SSU rRNA gene, both parasites of Takaboh and Oumu are clearly located within the cluster of human P. malariae isolates.
Two previous studies analysing the 16S rRNA gene, the 16S/23S intergenic spacer and domain I of the 23S gene supports this hypothesis: A C. pneumoniae isolate from a horse clustered different from human isolates that were derived [ 19, 20].
