In the upper dilute region, the pressure fluctuations originated from the particle clusters flowing downwards and the unstable feed from the cyclone.
Finally, our statistical model biases the inferred clustering scores downwards and the inferred p values upwards, as it does not account for the gaps between potential HGT candidates induced by excluded genes.
Hotellerie de Mascognaz Champoluc, Italy From the massive stone-slabbed roof downwards, the cluster of buildings that make up the Mascognaz seem utterly authentic, and they are, dating from the 1600s.
We additionally take steps to address concerns that cluster-robust standard errors may be downwards biased, given the small number of clusters in our analysis.
They work downwards in the frequency of the cluster occurrences as long as the new clusters aid to resolve the consensus tree.
When estimating parameters associated with fixed-effects (e.g. the effect of obesity status externalising factor scores) the number of clusters are of prime importance- where fewer than 50 clusters exist parameter estimates may be biased downwards [ 50].
Four of the hydrophone clusters were assembled with the hydrophones pointing upward, referred to as "standard", while one cluster was assembled with the hydrophones looking downwards.
Crucially, if the clustering is informative – the factor "works" through its clustered occurrence (such as characteristics of the agency supplying food aid to that cluster) – we would be losing information by simply adjusting confidence downwards without reassessing the risk estimate.
If observations in a cluster are correlated, standard approaches tend to bias p-values downwards and to produce narrower confidence intervals.
However, when V E ≠0 the estimate of variance ignoring clustering will be either biased upwards (if V E <0) or downwards (if V E >0).
Downwards, there is of course a physical limit, i.e. clusters with certain size, limited in length, will require a minimum vessel size.
