Operators with more than one operator may have one combined LSC (CLSC) where the CLSC communications with the GSC instead of individual LSC-GSC communication.
Strategic success factors such as product design, customer services, and CLSC business models modify CLSC processes and, hence, increase value.
Rural FFS physicians spent on average 5 minutes longer in consultation than did their urban counterparts (20 minutes versus 15 minutes), while rural CLSC physicians had shorter consultations than did urban CLSC physicians.
The Closed-Loop Supply Chais (CLSC) performance is directly related to the CLSC network design.
We also observe that dedicated CLSC is more cost efficient under carbon cap policy and hybrid CLSC is more emissions efficient when the carbon tax is introduced.
In a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network, there are both forward and reverse supply chains.
We propose a conceptual framework that extends the existing CLSC setting by introducing consumers' disposition behavior.
Further, a mixed integer linear programming model is developed to tackle the CLSC design problem.
Furthermore, reducing remanufacturing lead-time and promoting information transparency may be crucial to improve CLSC dynamics.
Under cap-and-trade policy, dedicated CLSC can produce less total emissions.
GA is the most well-known metaheuristic algorithm, which has been abundantly developed in CLSC.
