We acknowledge the scientific guidance of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) in promoting this work, coordinated in the framework of WCRP Grand Challenge on Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity.
By early on November 17, the low-cloud circulation became partially exposed on the west side of the deep convection, and it is estimated that Sergio weakened to a tropical storm later that day.
By early on September 1, despite a lack of convective organization, the low-cloud circulation was sufficiently well-defined that the National Hurricane Center designated it as Tropical Depression Ten-E, or the tenth tropical depression of the season, about 350 miles (565 km) south of Cabo San Lucas.
First discovered from Mariner 10 images taken in February 1974 (Suomi and Limaye 1978), the vortex organization of the cloud level circulation has been seen in Pioneer Venus (Limaye 1985), Galileo (Peralta et al. 2007) and Venus Express (Limaye et al. 2009) data and hence, now can be assumed to be a quasi-permanent state of the global circulation.
Unlike previous one-dimensional studies, the new modeling takes clouds and circulation into account, jputting the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to a star.
Thus, comprehensive understanding, including the impact of organized clouds on general circulation, was not realistic.
The cloud-top poleward circulation will supply angular momentum to the polar region to maintain the polar vortex and bring about the polar dipole by initiating barotropic instability (Taylor et al, 1980; Elson, 1982).
Its main scientific purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the atmospheric circulation and cloud formation processes of Venus.
Akatsuki aims to solve the mystery of the atmospheric circulation and cloud formation of Venus, with secondary targets being the exploration of the ground surface and the zodiacal light observation during the cruise to Venus.
Imamura (1997) argued that the momentum deposition by midlatitude Rossby waves might drive the poleward circulation above clouds.
