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Most people's eyes glaze over when they hear about closed lists and single transferable votes.
The first was the establishment of an electoral apparatus with "closed lists".
After Ecuador's return to democracy in 1978, closed lists (where voters are only allowed to choose a party, not a candidate) and direct ballots were used.
The majority of NLA members were directly elected; the rest were elected from closed lists to ensure proportional representation for women and various other groups.
Iraqi politicians were wrangling over how to handle voting in the contested city of Kirkuk and whether candidates would run on "open" or "closed" lists.
Many pundits have dismissed the importance of elections, pointing to the flawed Iraqi vote of 2005, in which voters had to choose between closed lists of candidates put together by parties and which were boycotted by most Sunnis.
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A closed list favors established political parties, and makes it more likely that incumbent legislators can hold onto their seats.
Then, next day, draw another line, so that yesterday's incoming items become today's closed list, and so on.
It happened under the debased form of proportional representation – the "closed list" introduced by Jack Straw – that I have always opposed.
This "closed list" mechanism is not the one used in European, Welsh or Scottish elections, which quite properly have open lists.
The 2005 election used a closed list, which helped protect candidates from assassination, but it strengthened organized parties rather than individual candidates and was unpopular with voters.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com