Closed fracture: A closed fracture occurs when the bone breaks or cracks but does not penetrate the skin, so the skin covering the injury remains intact.
She was diagnosed to have closed fracture of right femur.
The exact location of the induced closed fracture was along the long bone.
Patients were included if they received a diagnosis of 812.21 (closed fracture of humeral shaft) or 812.31 (open fracture of humeral shaft).
There is, however, a risk of iatrogenic fracture, additional fracture comminution during nail insertion, and of suboptimal closed fracture reduction [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
In the EIN group, closed fracture reduction and internal fixation was done in 14 cases (42.42 %), and open reduction was required in the remaining 18 patients (56.25 %).
The death certificate listed "closed fracture of the skull and facial bone" as his cause of death.
Closed fracture reduction was performed using the fracture table under image intensifier control.
The total group consisted of 534 patients with the International Code of Disease, revision 10 (ICD-10) diagnosis code S8260 (closed fracture of the lateral malleolus).
We included closed fracture, pathological, and stress fracture as a proxy of osteoporosis-related fracture but we were unable to review patients' medical records to validate this assumption.
Open or closed fracture reduction with additional internal fixation is generally accepted for adult forearm fractures, but controversy surrounds this treatment method for children.
