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Specifically, the company said that we had asked for a "closed carrier," which is more expensive than an open one.
One of the concerns with the closed carrier systems is the slower rate of cooling and warming and how this might affect subsequent outcomes.
Open carriers allow direct contact of embryos with liquid nitrogen (LN2) whereas closed carrier systems sequester the embryo within a sealed system during immersion in LN2.
This may in part explain why closed carrier systems with their slower cooling rates can still be successfully applied, as long as the design parameters allow for sufficiently fast warming rates.
Several closed carrier systems, some FDA approved for specific cell stages, are now commercially available: the Cryotip (Irvine Scientific, CA, USA), high security vitrification (HSV) straw (Cryo BioSystem, Paris, France), VitriSafe (VitriMed, Austria), the Cryopette (Origio, Denmark) and the Rapid-i ™(Vitrolife Sweden AB).
In order from least to most cost: You can carry an individual rabbit in a closed carrier in the cabin, as you would a dog or cat.
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We had never even heard of closed carriers.
Both vitrification carriers used in this study are in the category of closed carriers, as they completely isolate the samples from direct contact with liquid nitrogen or its vapours during cooling and storage, until warming.
In the present study, we compare open and closed carriers for vitrification of embryos.
The current investigation carefully details embryonic survival and development after vitrification on an open carrier, the cryoloop, and two closed carriers, the HSV straw and the Cryotip.
At present, spermatozoa and embryos/oocytes are commonly frozen/stored in LN2 using straws/vials and newly developed open or closed carriers used for vitrification.
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