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He positioned the phone as having high-end features and materials like Apple's iPhone but without closed proprietary software like Apple's iOS operating system.
Closed, proprietary systems exist where a particular company (or consortium of companies) holds the e-book files and controls all the places a customer or library patron can access them.
Without this distinction, all e-book distribution would occur within closed, proprietary systems, where e-book buyers or library patrons would have to get their books directly from a small number of owners of e-book files.
The future of Smart Farming may unravel in a continuum of two extreme scenarios: 1) closed, proprietary systems in which the farmer is part of a highly integrated food supply chain or 2) open, collaborative systems in which the farmer and every other stakeholder in the chain network is flexible in choosing business partners as well for the technology as for the food production side.
McDonald's creates closed, proprietary supply chains on a global basis to assure product quality.
Apple is a master at keeping its operating systems closed, proprietary, and secure.
Closed proprietary databases of candidates were the lifeblood of such organizations.
In addition, IREX supports multiple formats including industry standard ePub format and multiple DRM solutions, rather than a single, "closed" proprietary format that locks content to a specific device.
All of the aforementioned ECG formats are non proprietary and are therefore capable of achieving interoperability, whereas many ECG Management Systems EMSS) integrate closed proprietary formats into the EPHR.
Goldman Sachs was among the first major Wall Street firm to close its proprietary trading desk.
The rule, due to go into effect in July, has numerous exceptions but has prompted many U.S. banks to close their proprietary trading desks.
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