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These outliers probably represent a mix of species whose closest relatives have not been sequenced and species that lack close, extant relatives.
Firstly, although it may be tempting to look for the closest living relative of the extinct species [25], an evolutionarily close extant species is not necessarily a good ecological analogue [23].
The proposal calls for introducing close extant relatives or ecological surrogates of megafauna that went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene to North America to restore lost ecological and evolutionary processes, while simultaneously conserving species currently threatened with extinction on other continents [40].
While Tanganyika appears to have been colonized by at least four ancient lineages of gastropods [12] and eight seeding lineages of cichlid fishes [11], the colonization history of these groups cannot be easily traced due to the absence of close extant and/or fossil relatives in the African subcontinent.
Gene flow with an unsampled species is unlikely, as the Tiny Greenbul has no close extant relatives [ 26].
It also has been suggested that the scarcity of close extant relatives to river dolphins in the oceans is the result of past competition with extinct members of Delphinoidea in the marine environment [ 13, 15].
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However, phylogenic analyses based on molecular and morphologogical data have shown that Hippopotamidae are the closest extant relatives of Cetacea, and that Hippotamidae and Cetacea are closely related to the Artidactyla (cows, camels, and pigs) [ 26- 31].
Based on branch lengths in our inferred phylogenies, we suspect that the divergence of Ericabatrachus from its closest extant relatives is very old given previous estimates of divergence times with closely related pairings in Petropedetidae, Pyxicephalidae and Conrauidae (e.g., [ 19, 20]).
The closest extant relatives of grasses probably belong to a group of small families centred around the southern Pacific Ocean.
"The contemporary derivative is likely to involve a mix of options, futures, currencies and debt, structured and priced in ways which are the closest extant thing to rocket science.
Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com