Blood meals were detected in 45 (92%) of 49 bugs, and 43 (96%) of the 45 detected blood meals were successfully cloned (Technical Appendix Table).
We thank Bashar Kako for technical assistance cloning RT-PCR fragments for in situ hybridization.
We thank Eija Tuominen, BSc, for technical assistance in cloning the atpsynβ gene, Laura Ahervo, BSc, Mrs. Katja Sampalahti and Mrs. Marja-Riitta Uola for technical assistance with the organotypic oral mucosa-biofilm co-culture samples, and Karen L. McKeown, Ph.D., for editorial comments on the manuscript.
After recalling early attempts to clone frogs and describing how the Scots had overcome technical barriers to cloning mammals, Varmus declared that it was "only natural" that the public should speculate about the cloning of humans.
The technical challenges for cloning a human blastocyst include the fact that human eggs are very fragile and their internal processes are hard to control.
Anette Pedersen, Ruth Kristensen, Janne Adamsen, and Klaus Villemoes are acknowledged for excellent technical work with cloning.
The wheat ω-gliadin genes are an elusive subject for detailed research, and anyone studying these genes needs to be aware of major complicating factors among which are technical difficulties in cloning these highly repetitive DNA sequences, chimeric ESTs, the high frequency of pseudogenes, and the difficulty in estimating both the total and active numbers of ω-gliadin genes.
For each clone, four technical replicates were performed to control technical bias.
RNA was extracted from each of the 79 available radiation hybrid clones and technical replicates hybridized to Illumina HumanRef-8 v1.0 BeadChips.
MAM isolated the total DNA, contributed significantly to the genome amplification, cloning and sequencing, and provided extensive technical support on other aspects of the project.
