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Some of the genes downregulated in the clones were associated with pluripotency (Figure 3).
When assessing whether the number of clones in asymptomatic P. falciparum infections predicted the subsequent risk of malaria, infections with ≥2 clones were associated with a reduced risk in the placebo group, representing the natural condition in this setting.
The lists of genes were in general shorter than the original lists of clones both because multiple clones were associated with the same gene and because clones that could not be associated with any gene were present.
In two other areas in Kilifi, infections with 2 clones were associated with an increased risk of subsequent malaria in an area of low-moderate transmission, while in a low transmission village the diversity did not predict the risk of clinical malaria [15].
With the exception of a single clone located in 5q13.2 these clones were associated with only a single characteristic of the disease states.
In this study, our aims were to: (i) determine PI-1 prevalence in pneumococcal carriage isolates from infants and their mothers; (ii) determine which PI-1-positive clones were associated with carriage in the study region; and (iii) explore the possible functions of the pilus in vivo, and in particular evaluate whether PI-1 presence had an effect on pneumococcal transmission or carriage duration.
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Prior studies have demonstrated that USA300 causes most community-associated MRSA infections in the United States, whereas USA500/Iberian clones are associated with health care associated MRSA infections (1 ).
Probably the more common clones are associated with infections within the health care, while the more rare ones are primarily community acquired.
The number of clones was associated with exposure as well as blood stage immunity.
The number of clones was associated with age, village of residence and hemoglobin levels, however not with ITN use.
Increasing clone number was associated with increasing risk of subsequent exposure to parasites, and the presence of 2 or more clones was associated with more blood stage immunity (i.e. less febrile malaria compared with asymptomatic infection).
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