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In the third year of cultivation old Polish willow clones in comparison with the Swedish and new Polish clones have higher plant weight (yield), tillering and shoot diameter.
If sequences from different clones have higher than 99.7% nucleotide identity, they were considered to be derived from the same gene.
There is little wastage of advantageous mutations if sweeps are complete, and cloning suffers no major adaptive disadvantage relative to sex because its greater fecundity ensures clones have higher fitness.
Although some degree of clonal variability was observed between the two W839A mutant clones, both clones have higher DNA methylation levels after 8 days of RA treatment compared to the KO and D905R.
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Not all cells in the dSmad2 RNAi clones had higher pMadcter phosphorylation.
On the contrary, the tibiae inoculated with the Nog-KD clones had higher BV/TV ratio than with PC-3/Fluc and mock clones and were not different from the sham-operated ones (Figure 4A).
When grown at elevated temperature, both clones had higher C concentration at ambient CO2.
The performance of the assay can be improved by selecting Mab clones having higher sensitivity as discussed above or by the dilution of extracts in order to decrease matrix effect [ 29, 30, 33].
Note that while all L mutants in the 1-step neighborhood of the ancestral clone have higher fitness (1 + s i > 1), the 1-step neighborhood of a newly created clone with fitness 1 + s i can generate mutants that have higher or lower fitness, depending on the randomly chosen values of s i for these mutants.
As for the markers for the three germ layers, 4G# clone had a very weak expression of CYP51 and all the rest clones had high expression of their corresponding markers (Fig. 2b), especially for single cell-derived MAPCs-10D#.
Thus, after about 5 years, the Auto-Ag
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