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C. jejuni HS 19 and HS 41 are clonal which suggests that these serotypes may have unique and specific virulence properties that trigger GBS [20].
Reproduction in planctonic crustacean Daphnia is primarily clonal, which is most suitable for dissociations of genetic and environmental effects of its interactions with parasites.
Mitochondrial genes share the same evolutionary history, its inheritance is clonal, which means that the whole genome behaves as a single, non- recombining locus [ 33].
All individual sequences of clones, derived after cloning of bisulfite PCR product, were aligned and proved to be not clonal, which means they contained polymorphic sites and did not originate from the same DNA target molecule.
Sexual reproduction in Sporothrix is likely to occur in an environmental habitat, but the feline outbreak genotypes are prevalently clonal, which does not necessarily imply the absence of sex but does indicate the emergence of a successful genotype.
Cluster D confirms that our set of isogenic strains is unique, and appeared clonal which is in accordance with the MLST and CGH results (see Additional file 1), and partially related to cluster E. Finally, the 3 strains extensively documented in the present study appear clonal but clearly different from at least 4 other genotypes identified.
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Weakly clonal bacterial populations comprise a number of clonal complexes, which correspond to "lineages," i.e., groups of organisms presumed to derive from a common progenitor.
Second, we reconstructed the clonal relationships among the genomes using the program ClonalFrame, which performs Bayesian phylogenetic inference under a model that accounts for homologous recombination.
This is of particular concern for the Bayesian inference method implemented in ClonalFrame, which estimates the subset of the genome that has not undergone recombination (i.e., clonal lineage) between closely related bacterial strains.
An aspen grove is the offspring of a large single underground clonal mass, which sends up shoots.
Importantly, a highly clonal lineage, which experimentally showed reduced fitness, has undergone pseudogenization in genes required for virulence and morphogenesis, which may explain its niche restriction.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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