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However, even if clonal suppression did not occur, normal hematopoiesis may be sufficiently strengthened to support a partial erythroid response in some patients.
Notably, patients with del 5q) MDS have higher rates of cytopenias than non-del 5q) non-del 5qsuggesting that effective clonal supatientsn may be the predominant explanation for hematologic AEsuggestingarly thattmeffectives.
After incubation with lenalidomide, 98%% of cells were still del 5q) positive; therefore, any changes in mRNA levels were likely to reflect a direct effect of lenalidomide on gene expression, rather than an indirect effect due to clonal suppression of del 5q) cells.
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Animal studies have revealed that the mechanisms of induction of oral tolerance include clonal deletion, suppression of the pro-inflammatory Th1 cells, and the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells.
We also report that BNP signaling is essential for murine ES cell survival and their clonal growth, through the suppression of GABAAR genes and activation of the transcription factor Ets-1. Together, these findings establish BNP as a novel regulator for murine ES cell proliferation.
Extensive research in this area over the past 10 years has led to the conclusion that two mechanisms are operative in the mediation of oral tolerance: active suppression and clonal anergy or deletion.
It should be noted, however, that the mechanism of tolerance in this instance is not fully understood and cannot be definitively attributed to either T-cell regulatory suppression or clonal deletion.
In the model, immune operators including clonal proliferation, hypermutation and immune suppression are designed to proliferate superior antibodies and suppress the inferiors.
These results suggest that the protective effect of PGAs against HTLV-I infection in vitro is mostly related to the direct suppression of the clonal expansion of virus-infected cells, rather than to the anti-viral activity or modulation of the cell-mediated immunity.
Oral tolerance has earlier been described to occur either through active suppression, anergy, and/or clonal deletion of antigen-reactive cells [ 4].
Several mechanisms contribute to peripheral tolerance, including clonal deletion, clonal anergy and immune suppression by Tregs.
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