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A phylogeographic pattern found previously for the ST5 clonal group [6] was also found here for the ST239 clonal group; haplotypes tend to spread locally rather than globally.
In contrast to the ST5 clonal group, the ST239 clonal group has an intimate association with a single SCCmec element that has been maintained and extensively remodeled over the course of its evolutionary history.
Within a clonal group, there may be no consensus with the types of antibiotics combinations that could still kill effectively.
CC22 is a common and widespread clonal group and different MRSA strains have emerged from this genetic background.
However, the strains in cluster 4 were all serotype O73:H16, st7 471 and clonal group 4 (Table S1).
Allele, st7 and clonal group were determined using the EcMLST web-based software (http://www.shigatox.net/ecmlst/cgi-bin/mlbquery).
MSSA from different branches of one clonal group may have acquired the same SCCmec element independently on several occasions.
The E. coli strains in clusters 2 and 3 varied in serotype and MLST st7 and clonal group.
Sampling of exclusively European isolates from the central H1 haplotype suggested a European origin for the ST239 clonal group.
Clonal group A is known as a multidrug resistant uropathogenic group known to cause UTIs in adults [25].
Tables S1, S2 and S3 report misincorporations observed in each clonal group of ancient, modern and contaminant sequences respectively.
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