In this study the inheritance of P-gp expression was examined using hybrids formed after somatic cell fusion between a drug-sensitive human T-cell leukaemia cell line, CEM/CCRF, and a drug-resistant derivative, CEM/A7, which is characterized by a clonal chromosomal duplication dup 7)(q11.23q31.2).
The fact that the breakpoints from the apparently OL-lacking molecules originate from replication competent duplications explains the observed clonal expansion of these rearranged mtDNA molecules.
Hybridogenesis is characterized by premeiotic exclusion of one parental genome during gametogenesis, followed by endomitosis of the remaining genome (i.e., its duplication prior to cell division) and its clonal transmission to gametes that all carry identical chromosomes [ 23, 24].
To determine the length and base composition of the target sequence duplication produced by XMRV integration, ten single-clonal (isogenic) populations of XMRV-infected cells were prepared.
Mutant forms of Mad resistant to GSK3 phosphorylation, which mimic Mad receiving a maximal amount of Wg, were hyperactive and caused typical Wg-like overexpression phenotypes [14] in wing clonal analyses, such as ectopic sensory bristles and wing margin duplications.
In addition to base pair mutations, there is evidence for an aging-associated increase in clonal mosaicism originating from HSPCs with large chromosomal anomalies (deletions, duplications, and acquired uniparental disomies).
Functional redundancy by gene duplication and compensating metabolic pathways as well as soma-clonal variations that occurred during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation might explain why such a small portion of rice genes were functionally characterized with gene-indexed mutants.
We reasoned that the expression of the reporter at such an early stage of clonal growth could be a result of integration of the plasmid in tandem arrays rather than intra-telomeric duplication of the targeting construct and hence excluded such clones from further analysis (7 of 49 clones).
To address the paradox of the clonal expansion of apparently replication-incompetent molecules, we determined whether breakpoints in the MGME1 patients could represent partial duplications instead of true deletions.
To further define the relatedness of ST562 isolates, whole-genome sequencing was performed on 17 of the 18 ST562 isolates for which MLVA-4 results were available; to reduce duplication and cost, 1 of the 2 B. pseudomallei isolates from air samples was not sequenced because it was clonal with the other air sample.
